To examine how visual heuristics contribute to the clinical misdiagnosis of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and to identify common heuristic patterns that may lead to diagnostic error in dermatologic practice.

A review of published case reports and observational studies was conducted to identify instances in which BCC was misdiagnosed or mischaracterized prior to histopathologic confirmation. Articles were analyzed for recurring clinical features that influenced diagnostic reasoning. Heuristic patterns contributing to misdiagnosis were categorized thematically.

Heuristics, or mental shortcuts used to streamline clinical decision-making, are widely used in dermatology due to their highly visual and pattern-based nature. While often efficient, they can introduce cognitive bias when lesions deviate from expected presentations. Analysis of misdiagnosed BCC cases revealed five key heuristic categories: pigmentation, lesion location, morphology or texture, patient age, and skin type. Misdiagnosis was most common in pigmented lesions, uncommon anatomical sites, and in patients with skin of color or younger age.

Visual heuristics play a central role in dermatologic diagnosis but may undermine accuracy when atypical features are present. Increased awareness of these diagnostic pitfalls, together with systematic dermoscopic evaluation and a low threshold for biopsy, can help reduce error and improve outcomes.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer therapy but may induce rare immune-related adverse events including pancreatitis (ICI-PI-), which occurs in 2-4% of cases. Such ICI-PI may necessitate treatment discontinuation. We report the rare case of a 51-year-old female with Lynch syndrome treated with pembrolizumab for metastatic urothelial carcinoma. A pancreatic mass was identified during follow-up by PET/CT. Pathology from endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) could not exclude adenocarcinoma. Surgical resection revealed pathology consistent with type II autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) in a case which represent by definition , a type III ICI-PI. We explore diagnostic criteria focusing on clinical, serological, histological as well as medical imaging features and management.

HIF2α is aberrantly upregulated in some renal cell carcinomas due to VHL mutations, supporting HIF2α inhibition as a compelling therapeutic approach for such cases. Therefore, the six compounds (designated as Compounds 1-6) were screened from the Maybridge database based on the constructed pharmacophore model and molecular docking. Subsequently, the docking models of Compounds 1-6 with HIF2α were analysed. Affinity assays revealed that both Compound-4 and Compound-5 exhibited robust affinity towards human recombinant HIF2α. MD simulations displayed that Compound-4 and Compound-5 stably bound to the active pocket of HIF2α. Cell experiments demonstrated that Compound-4 effectively inhibited the growth of the 786-O human renal cell carcinomas line (IC₅₀ = 1.35 ± 0.06 μM). This study demonstrates that Compound-4 may serve as a potential candidate compound for renal cell carcinomas therapy.

In recent years, the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) has been gradually emphasized in liver cancer interventional therapy. The present study aimed to evaluate the current research hotspots and developmental trends of TIME from the perspective of bibliometrics.

Publications related to interventional therapy, liver cancer, and TIME were searched on the Web of Science (WOS) Core Collection database for the years 2000-2024, and bibliometric analyses were performed using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and R "Bibliometrix".

A bibliometric analysis was conducted on the TIME in liver cancer interventional therapy using data from 2000-2024. The study included 277 articles from 21 regions/countries, with China and the USA leading. The number of articles is increasing annually. Fudan University and Huazhong University of Science and Technology are major research institutions. The Journal of Hepatocellular Carcinoma is the most popular journal, while Hepatology is the most cited. Zheng Chuansheng published the most papers, and Llovet was the most co-cited. Research topics include the mechanism of the TIME in interventional therapy and novel therapies. Emerging hotspots are "Immunotargeted inhibition", "tumor microenvironment", and "immunotherapy".

This is the first comprehensive bibliometric study in this field, providing insights into research trends and new directions.

Cardiac markers are important in the diagnosis of heart and coronary insufficiency, it is through them that they can measure the damage to cardiac fibers resulting from these diseases. Recent research has shown that the levels of biomarkers are altered who have neoplasms under chemotherapy treatment without these patients having any clinical manifestations. The research was to conduct a systematic review of the main cardiac biomolecular markers in scientific publications bases and to verify how their levels present in individuals with breast cancer, as well as to analyze the influence of antineoplastic treatment in the circular levels of these markers resulting from the effects of cardiac damage on patient therapy and which are good predictors of cardiovascular diseases related to chemotherapy treatment.

Medline, Lilacs and Cochrane and in these databases, systematic searches of publications were carried out between the years 2010 and 2020 using the descriptors "Mesh" or the equivalent in the chosen database. Studies that evaluated the following cardiac biomarkers: troponin, pro-type B natriuretic peptide (proBNP)/N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP), myoglobin, creatine kinase-MB fraction, fibrinogen, and D-dimer.

At the end, 31 published articles were obtained for analysis in which cardiac markers ultra-sensitive troponin I and T, myoglobin, and NT-proBNP showed to be the best predictors of cardiotoxicity for breast cancer patient under chemotherapy.

The ultra-sensitive cardiac markers troponin I and T, NT-proBNP and myoglobin, were the ones that provided the best biomarkers in detecting cardiotoxicity, requiring continuous research and research for cardiotoxic biomarkers.

Cervical cancer remains a major public health burden in low- and middle-income countries, primarily caused by high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection. Although HPV DNA testing is highly sensitive, its low specificity necessitates effective triage strategies. Cycle threshold (CT) values from real-time polymerase chain reaction assays reflect viral load and might serve as potential biomarkers for triage; however, their clinical significance remains unclear.

This retrospective cohort study included women aged 25-65 years who tested positive for hrHPV between September 2023 and April 2025 at three Southern Thailand hospitals. All participants had CT values and underwent colposcopy with biopsy. HPV testing was performed using the Allplex HPV HR Detection assay, and diagnostic performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic analysis.

Among 677 hrHPV-positive women, 286 met the eligibility criteria, with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 or higher (CIN2+) detected in 56 (19.6%). HPV16, HPV52, and HPV58 were the most common genotypes in CIN2+ cases. CT values were significantly inversely correlated with lesion severity (r = -0.13, P = 0.025). For non-16/18 hrHPV infections, a CT cutoff value of <32.94 improved the area under the curve from 0.54 to 0.65, yielding a sensitivity and specificity of 89% and 41%, respectively.

Cycle threshold values demonstrated modest discriminatory performance. Therefore, they should not be used as the sole biomarkers for triage; rather, they should be used as a supplementary tool to aid in clinical decision-making. Further validation in larger prospective studies is warranted.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a group of myeloid neoplastic disorders characterized by infiltration of Langerhans cells, which can accumulate in tissues and cause multisystem manifestations. Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is a rare non-LCH histiocytosis, characterized by multisystem infiltration of lipid-laden foamy macrophages. Both ECD and LCH can lead to severe systemic disease, but reports of their overlap remain rare. We describe a female patient with ECD-LCH overlap syndrome presenting predominantly with pericardial effusion. She was admitted to the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, on November 10, 2020, due to dyspnea and bilateral lower-extremity edema, with a disease course of 13 months. Computed tomography revealed multi-system involvement, and genetic testing identified a BRAF^V600E mutation. Immunohistochemical staining analysis eventually confirmed ECD-LCH overlap syndrome. Symptomatic treatment was initiated, and follow-up showed stable clinical symptoms. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case worldwide of adult ECD-LCH overlap syndrome with pericardial involvement.

Polygonatum polysaccharides are the major active components of the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Polygonatum. They exhibit marked structural heterogeneity with diverse glycan types and possess a broad spectrum of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and glucose-lipid metabolic regulatory effects. These properties have made them a research hotspot in the fields of medicine and health. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Polygonatum polysaccharides can modulate multiple biological targets by regulating several signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt). Through these pathways, they influence inflammatory cytokine release, immune cell activation, oxidative stress responses, and glucose-lipid metabolism, thereby exerting synergistic multi-target and multi-pathway effects. This enables their promising application in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases, metabolic disorders, cancers, and other conditions. Although numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have validated the wide-ranging biological activities of Polygonatum polysaccharides, challenges remain in their clinical translation. Future research should focus on the precise elucidation of structure-activity relationships, characterization of metabolic processes in vivo, and acquisition of rigorous evidence from clinical research to support the translation of Polygonatum polysaccharides from basic research to clinical application.

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a genetically heterogeneous malignancy associated with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. To identify molecular programs conserved across AML subtypes and perturbations, we analysed three RNA sequencing datasets that captured venetoclax treatment under metabolic stress and the knockdown of chromatin regulators (PSPC1, JMJD1C, and RUNX1). Differential expression analysis was performed using DESeq2, followed by functional enrichment and network analyses. An independent AML cell line dataset was used to validate results. We identified a conserved 73-gene transcriptional signature that is consistently dysregulated across perturbations, characterised by the overexpression of CDKN1A, PHGDH, and ALDH1L2, and the downregulation of MYC and E2F targets. Functional analyses implicated cell cycle arrest, metabolic reprogramming, oxidative stress responses, and suppression of proliferative and biosynthetic pathways. PSPC1 emerged as a central hub linking chromatin remodelling to metabolic adaptation. Translational validation in the TCGA-LAML cohort revealed that higher 73-gene enrichment scores were associated with inferior overall survival, and stratification by hub gene expression recapitulated adverse prognostic trends. Collectively, these findings define a stress-adaptive transcriptional program conserved across diverse AML perturbations, providing mechanistic insights into the coupling of metabolism and the cell cycle, and potential therapeutic vulnerabilities. Incorporation of this 73-gene program into patient stratification frameworks may guide biomarker-driven therapies and combination strategies targeting metabolic and apoptotic stress responses.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), marked by profound immunosuppressive complexity, poses a critical challenge in therapy due to the absence of hormone receptors in its phenotype, making it unavailable for conventional therapies. The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway is emerging as critical pathway translating the immunogenic 'cold' TNBC tumour into 'hot' one, thereby improving the responsiveness to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). However, the clinical translation is still hindered by insufficient cytosolic delivery, rapid systemic degradation and tumour microenvironment-induced metabolic inactivation. This review outlines the recent advances in STING-mediated nanoparticle delivery with special emphasis on biomimetic, Trojan horse logic gate, manganese-based and redox-responsive stimuli delivery systems. Mechanistically, it integrates immune activation by ferroptosis, cuproptosis and mitochondrial DNA disruption. They synergise the amplification of type 1 interferon with dendritic cell maturation, potentiating antitumour immunogenesis. Notably, the combination with ICBs will further amplify the therapeutic potential of nanoparticles. Convergence of immunology and targeted therapies with nanoparticles opens new array for TNBC treatment. The review visualizes the clinical translation of mind maps into clinical reality, activating the innate immunity. HIGHLIGHTS: STING activation converts immunologically cold TNBC into ICB-responsive hot tumors. Nanoparticles overcome poor delivery, degradation, and TME-driven STING inactivation. Biomimetic and stimuli-responsive systems enhance type I IFN and DC maturation. Synergy with ICBs boosts innate immunity and antitumor immunogenesis.