Hereditary renal cell carcinoma (hRCC) syndromes represent a small but significant proportion of renal cancer cases, accounting for 5-8%. They are characterized by distinct genetic etiologies, early-onset presentations, and unique clinical features. Timely identification and surveillance of at-risk individuals are essential to improving outcomes, as early detection facilitates interventions at a localized stage. However, existing recommendations are highly variable and often lack robust evidence. This extensive review consolidates current knowledge on major hRCC syndromes, namely the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease, hereditary papillary renal carcinoma (HPRC), fumarate hydratase deficient RCC (FHRCC), and Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome, and their associated screening protocols. Through a comprehensive literature review, we summarize the cumulative risks, tumor growth patterns, and imaging recommendations for each syndrome, highlighting the challenges posed by their rarity and heterogeneous presentations. Based on these findings, we propose a standardized surveillance protocol tailored to each syndrome's risk profile, balancing early detection with the minimization of patient burden and healthcare costs. These recommendations emphasize the importance of multidisciplinary management in tertiary care centers to ensure optimal outcomes.

Psychosocial oncology supportive care research has focused on adults diagnosed with breast cancer and used conventional group-based analyses that can mask meaningful individual differences. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a co-created 12-week Hatha yoga program on patient-reported outcomes among women diagnosed with gynecologic cancer, using group- and individual-level analyses to emphasize person-centered processes.

A multiple baseline series N-of-1 trial design was used. Participants self-selected to enroll in a morning or evening program, attending bi-modal 60-min classes twice weekly, complemented by optional group discussions, journaling, and pre-recorded videos for at-home practice. Self-report data were collected online at 9-11 timepoints, spanning baseline (3-5 weeks), program (12 weeks), and follow-up (8 weeks) phases. Data from 20 participants (M_age = 62.4 years, M_{years since diagnosis} = 7.6) were analyzed using visual analysis and hierarchical linear modeling.

Visual analysis of individual profiles and piecewise models that represent the average rate of change for the sample demonstrated similar results across most outcomes. Collectively, the analyses showed that during the program, quality of life, perceived cognitive abilities, sexual distress, and perceived stress improved (ps < .05), while follow-up fatigue and perceived stress worsened (ps < .05). However, the results of the analyses diverged for negative body image. The overall slope (fixed effect) showed improvement during the program (p < .05); yet, visual analysis of individual profiles suggested variability across participants. Individual-level analyses also revealed divergent responses for 3 participants across outcomes.

This study demonstrates the potential of a co-created Hatha yoga program to improve psychosocial outcomes for women with gynecologic cancer, an often underrepresented population in the literature. Findings also highlight the added value of using individual-level analytic approaches, supporting the need for personalized approaches in supportive care. The co-created program represents a promising line of inquiry to meet a pressing need for programs that address the sequelae of gynecologic cancer.

ClinicalTrials.gov, no.: NCT05610982; November 3, 2022.

Rapid, low-cost, practical, disposable electrochemical panel immunosensor systems were developed for the individual and simultaneous determination of anterior gradient-2 protein (AGR2), folate receptor alpha (FOLR1), glycodelin (GLY), and soluble mesothelin-associated protein (SMRP), which are significantly increased in physiological fluids, particularly in ovarian cancer, and are potential biomarkers in the diagnosis of specific cancer types. To reduce the cost of the panel immunosensor system, the electrodes were hand-fabricated (HSPE), and then the HSPE surfaces were modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Surface analyses (SEM, XPS, FTIR) have confirmed that the sensor was manufactured robustly. The electrochemical characterization and analysis of the immunosensors were performed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and differential pulse voltammetry methods. Optimal operating conditions (antibody concentration, antigen, and antibody incubation times) were determined for the prepared single immunosensors. Detection limits, linear detection ranges, selectivity, shelf lives, repeatability, and reproducibility of single and panel immunosensors were determined. The clinical validity of the multi-platform was confirmed by recoveries of over 95% in human serum samples and by ELISA. In this study, low-cost electrochemical panel systems that enable the simultaneous determination of AGR2, GLY, FOLR1, and SMRP biomarkers with high selectivity and accuracy, a wide linear range (1-500 pg mL⁻¹), low detection limits, and good reproducibility were produced for the first time.

To provide an updated review of the literature on physical activity (PA) intervention studies, their characteristics, and their effect size estimates for PA behavior change among early post-treatment breast cancer survivors (BCS).

Eligible studies were published between 2014-2025 in English, were quasi- or randomized controlled trials, studied BCS ≤ 5 years post-treatment, tested a PA intervention, and assessed PA behavior. We searched PubMed, APA PsycINFO, Embase, and CINAHL (latest search October 2025; CINAHL June 2020). Extracted data included study, participant, intervention, and outcome descriptors. The ROB 2 assessed risk of bias. A random effects model on post-intervention Cohen's d standardized mean differences (SMD) values meta-analysis was performed.

Twenty-two RCTs with a total sample size of 2,390 (mean = 109, range = 26-692) were included. All included BCS were female, were on average 57 years old, and predominantly (> 60%) non-Hispanic White. Most study populations were mixed in terms of cancer stage and treatment type. Intervention duration ranged from 6-104 weeks. All studies except one were partially or fully home-based. All behavioral counseling interventions were theory-based. The overall SMD was d = 0.36 (95% confidence interval: 0.22, 0.50) in favor of the intervention. Two studies had some concerns for risk of bias; all others were rated as low.

The present updated review found a small-to-moderate positive effect of PA interventions on PA behavior change among early post-treatment BCS. We note some shifts in the participant samples and study design since the originally published review. Practical implications for improving the reporting of future research include following established reporting guidelines to enhance reporting transparency, which would allow for more precise quantification of specific intervention effects and deeper contextual understanding of this body of work.

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is one of the most widely used chemotherapeutic agents for various cancers, including cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and colorectal cancer (CRC). However, its therapeutic efficiency has remained unsatisfactory. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying 5-FU responsiveness is therefore crucial for developing more effective treatment strategies and improving patient survival. Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), a key regulator of necroptosis, has been implicated in cancer progression and therapeutic response. However, the exact roles of MLKL in modulating chemotherapy response, particularly 5-FU, has also remained unknown. Through a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis, we identified a significant association between high MLKL expression and poor therapeutic outcomes in CCA and CRC patients treated with 5-FU. Moreover, higher MLKL expression was detected in CRC patients who were clinically unresponsive to 5-FU-based treatments compared to responders, suggesting a crucial role of MLKL in mediating 5-FU response. Of particular interest, MLKL depletion sensitized CRC cells to 5-FU and enhanced its tumor-suppressive effects in a xenograft mouse model by promoting apoptosis. We propose that MLKL suppression potentiate TNF-α/TNFR-I-mediated apoptotic signaling, potentially by prolonging TNFR-I retention within the early endosome and delaying its degradation upon 5-FU treatment. Notably, silencing of TNFR-I attenuated 5-FU-induced cell death in MLKL-knockdown cells. These findings provide novel insights into previously unrecognized roles of MLKL in modulating 5-FU responsiveness and highlight MLKL as a potential predictive and therapeutic target to improve 5-FU efficacy in precision cancer therapy.

Background Various dermoscopy patterns and structures in infantile haemangioma (IH) can be used to identify its activity and assess the response to therapy. Aim To formulate and validate a scoring system for IH based on dermoscopy - dermoscopy haemangioma assessment index (DHAI). To compare DHAI with the haemangioma activity score (HAS). Methods Consecutive patients with IH were taken for the study. At the time of presentation, each IH was clinically and by dermoscopy assessed by the first dermatologist. Clinical and dermoscopic images were taken and retrospectively analysed by a second and third dermatologist. The agreement between the three dermatologists was assessed using the inter-class correlation coefficient. Results The study included 45 patients with IH. Among the three observers, reliability analysis showed satisfactory results for DHAI with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.983, indicating good reliability and consistency. Inter-item correlation between all three observers was found to be positive and statistically significant (p-value <0.001). Thus, there was good agreement between the three dermatologists. On comparing with Haemangioma Activity Score (HAS), the correlation between HAS and DHAI was 0.703, which implies a high positive correlation. Limitations The primary limitation in our study was the very small number of patients. Secondly, the scoring system was not assessed longitudinally, so improvement in parameters with time could not be measured. Thirdly, the scoring system was not able to accurately measure the depth of IH. Conclusion DHAI is a good, reliable, and valid scoring system to assess the activity of IH, and can be used for future interventional studies on IH. DHAI can simplify the scoring of IH using a dermoscope and can provide more objective information as compared to the previous scoring system.

Reconstruction of maxillary and mandibular defects following oncologic resection remains challenging due to their three-dimensional complexity and critical role in function and aesthetics. The scapular tip free flap (STFF) provides reliable vascularity, substantial bone stock, and chimeric versatility. Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) has been widely applied in reconstructive surgery to optimize resection accuracy and flap insetting, but its role in STFF supine harvest and inset has never been reported. This report aims to describe the advantages of application of CAD/CAM technology to guide resection and reconstruction in complex maxillary and mandibular oncological defects.

We retrospectively analyzed nine patients who underwent maxillary (n = 5) or mandibular (n = 4) reconstruction with STFF between January 2023 and December 2024 at IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy. Nine patients of mean age 67.4 years with malignant neoplasms of the mandible (n = 4) or maxilla (n = 5), including squamous cell carcinoma (n = 7) and carcinoma ex inverted papilloma (n = 2), were included in the study. Preoperative virtual surgical planning was performed in collaboration with biomedical engineers to design patient-specific cutting guides and titanium plates. Functional outcomes were assessed using the EORTC QLQ-HN35 questionnaire; morphological accuracy was evaluated by overlay analysis of pre- and postoperative 3D imaging. Operative and ischemia times, complications, and patient-reported satisfaction were recorded.

All procedures were successfully completed without major intraoperative complications. CAD/CAM-assisted planning enabled precise osteotomies and facilitated flap contouring prior to pedicle division, resulting in reduced ischemia duration and streamlined operative workflow, particularly in mandibular reconstructions. Functional assessments showed preserved swallowing and speech with only mild limitations in social eating and social interaction. Morphological analysis demonstrated high concordance between pre- and postoperative reconstructions, with minimal surface differential in maxillary (range 198-258 mm²) and mandibular (range 156-204 mm²) bounding boxes, demonstrating satisfactory restoration of facial contour. Patient-reported satisfaction was high across the cohort, ranging from acceptable to excellent.

CAD/CAM-assisted STFF reconstruction allows accurate three-dimensional restoration with shortened operative and ischemia times, leading to predictable functional recovery and favorable aesthetic outcomes. Despite the need for additional preoperative planning and resources, this approach enhances intraoperative efficiency and provides reproducible results, representing a valuable option for selected patients with complex maxillofacial defects.

In this review, we aimed to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of epithelial tumors of the lacrimal drainage system (LDS)-rare but clinically significant entities that are often misdiagnosed as benign obstructions-by integrating recent evidence regarding epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, histopathological and molecular diversity as well as warning signs and imaging and biopsy strategies. According to the available data, squamous cell carcinoma is the predominant subtype, including both human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive non-keratinizing (transitional-type) variants with p16 overexpression and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA)/fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) alterations and HPV-negative keratinizing forms with tumor protein p53 (TP53) mutations. Management emphasizes complete en bloc resection aiming for negative margins supported by adjuvant radiotherapy. Organ-preserving chemoradiotherapy may be feasible in p16-positive cases, whereas proton or carbon-ion therapy has been shown to allow for precise dosing at anatomically constrained sites. Prognosis depends mainly on extent, margin status, perineural invasion, nodal involvement, histological subtype, and HPV status. Earlier recognition through awareness of "red flags" and standardized work-ups can significantly improve outcomes by reducing resection extent and morbidity risk. The integration of HPV status assessment and molecular profiling now allows biologically informed risk stratification and opens up new avenues for targeted and immune therapies, and proton and carbon-ion radiotherapies extend curative options to anatomically constrained regions. Important future research directions include designing molecularly informed therapeutic trials and prioritizing the development and establishment of standardized diagnostic frameworks and multicenter registries.

In this article, we summarize the progress made in lung cancer, mesothelioma, and thymic epithelial malignancy during the period 2005-2025. We enlisted multidisciplinary thoracic oncologic experts to tackle this task. The main focus of the article concerns how basic science with translational impact has improved the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of these cancers. During the past 20 years, we have come to the realization that "lung cancer" is a name that encompasses tumors with vast histologic, immune, and genomic differences that in turn influence prognosis and response to therapy. For example, programmed death-ligand 1 levels are being used as an immune signature which guides the use of immunotherapy. There is an 85% higher risk for developing lung cancer among first-degree relatives of patients with lung cancer. Accordingly, an increasing number of lung cancers are being identified in carriers of predisposing germline pathogenic inactivating mutations, suggesting that screening programs for early lung cancer detection may benefit family members. Underscoring the role of genetics, and the importance of germline testing, a different variant of mesothelioma has been identified developing in carriers of inactivating heterozygous germline mutations of BAP1 and of other tumor suppressor genes, including a new variant of mesothelioma caused by fusion genes. These variants of mesothelioma are characterized by specific histologic and molecular genetic alterations. These patients benefit from screening programs as they are at risk of multiple malignancies, their tumors are usually much less aggressive, and they are more responsive to therapy compared with sporadic, asbestos-induced mesotheliomas. Thus, the tailored therapeutic approach that is described here for lung cancer may extend to patients with mesothelioma, rather than the previous "one therapy fits all" approach. Progress in the rare thymic epithelial tumors has been less marked; however, recent insights into the biology of thymic tumors have resulted in the development of clinically relevant interventions.

Song et al. systematically characterize how an MHC-II-restricted neoantigen vaccine remodels the cold tumor microenvironment. The vaccine promotes T cell infiltration and effector function while upregulating the PVR-TIGIT checkpoint axis. Combining vaccination with TIGIT blockade achieves synergistic anti-tumor efficacy by enhancing antigen-specific CD4 T cell function and delaying exhaustion, providing a promising strategy to overcome immunotherapy resistance in cold tumors.