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To characterize the associations between nighttime sleep duration and control of blood pressure (BP) and glycemia in individuals with comorbid hypertension and diabetes, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 2794 participants aged ≥ 50 years with confirmed diabetes and hypertension. Participants were categorized into five self-reported nighttime sleep duration groups: < 6 h, 6-7 h, 7-8 h, 8-9 h, and > 9 h. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations between sleep duration and BP/glycemic control, with adjustment for demographic, clinical, and behavioral confounders. We observed that prolonged sleep duration (> 9 h) was independently associated with uncontrolled BP after confounder adjustment. Subgroup analyses revealed that short sleep duration (< 6 h and 6-7 h) was linked to uncontrolled BP among males, whereas prolonged sleep duration was associated with uncontrolled BP among females, participants under 65 years, those with regular medication adherence, and non-nappers. For glycemic control, prolonged sleep duration conferred a protective effect among normal-weight individuals, but this association was not evident in the overall sample. Our results suggested that BP regulation may play a dominant role in competitive metabolic regulation demands compared to glycemic regulation. We recommended that individualized interventions aimed at modifying the habitual sleep duration of patients with comorbidities may be a crucial strategy to enhance BP and blood glucose management.