Baseline cardio-kidney-metabolic syndrome, its transition, and frailty: insights from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS).
Cardio-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome is a complex, multi-system health condition that affects aging populations, potentially contributing to frailty. This study aimed to examine the association between baseline CKM syndrome, its transitions over time, and the onset of frailty, using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS).
Data from 11,031 participants in the 2011 baseline and 7454 individuals with follow-up data from 2015 were analyzed. CKM syndrome was categorized into five stages based on metabolic, renal, and cardiovascular dysfunction. Frailty was assessed using a 32-item frailty index (FI), with participants categorized as frail (FI ≥ 0.25) or non-frail (FI < 0.25). Logistic regression models were used to investigate the associations between CKM stages, transitions, and frailty risk, adjusting for potential confounders.
Our findings revealed that participants in advanced stages of CKM (Stages 3-4) exhibited a significantly increased risk of frailty, with adjusted odds ratios of 1.97 (95% CI 1.29-3.01) and 4.45 (95% CI 2.83-7.00), respectively. Of particular note, 30.23% of participants experienced progression to more severe CKM stages during the study duration, while only 10.66% displayed improvement, further emphasizing the chronic nature of the syndrome. Logistic regression indicated that frailty risk was significantly associated with CKM stage transitions, particularly for those moving from stages 0 to 1.
Both baseline severity and progression of CKM syndrome are independently associated with a higher risk of frailty development. Early identification and intervention in CKM may help mitigate frailty risk in later life.
Data from 11,031 participants in the 2011 baseline and 7454 individuals with follow-up data from 2015 were analyzed. CKM syndrome was categorized into five stages based on metabolic, renal, and cardiovascular dysfunction. Frailty was assessed using a 32-item frailty index (FI), with participants categorized as frail (FI ≥ 0.25) or non-frail (FI < 0.25). Logistic regression models were used to investigate the associations between CKM stages, transitions, and frailty risk, adjusting for potential confounders.
Our findings revealed that participants in advanced stages of CKM (Stages 3-4) exhibited a significantly increased risk of frailty, with adjusted odds ratios of 1.97 (95% CI 1.29-3.01) and 4.45 (95% CI 2.83-7.00), respectively. Of particular note, 30.23% of participants experienced progression to more severe CKM stages during the study duration, while only 10.66% displayed improvement, further emphasizing the chronic nature of the syndrome. Logistic regression indicated that frailty risk was significantly associated with CKM stage transitions, particularly for those moving from stages 0 to 1.
Both baseline severity and progression of CKM syndrome are independently associated with a higher risk of frailty development. Early identification and intervention in CKM may help mitigate frailty risk in later life.
Authors
Duan Duan, Li Li, Li Li, Ren Ren, Li Li, Bai Bai, Lü Lü, Yan Yan, Zhao Zhao, Liu Liu
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